A biophysical analysis of electrochemistry at the electrode-tissue interface, preventing tissue hydrolysis and metal dissolution.
Exceeding critical charge densities during electrical nerve stimulation causes irreversible electrochemical reactions, including water electrolysis, pH shifts, and neural tissue necrosis.
Stimulation circuits must enforce symmetric, biphasic current pulses with active DC-blocking capacitors and discharging phases, ensuring net charge injection across each cycle is mathematically zero.
Chronic animal studies demonstrate that maintaining charge densities below 30 µC/cm² preserves intact myelinated axons with zero inflammation or functional decline over multi-year stimulation trials.